Mac osx and Ubuntu have the same type of bar at the top of the screen. What I mean is that it is dynamic, when you launch an application, you can reach its setting by using that top bar, file view and so on is not implemented in the application itself, but it is implemented to that bar.
What is this user interface called?
The top bar in Ubuntu (Unity) is called the panel. Sometimes the menus are called the global menu bar, but not often.
As an aside, menus actually are implemented in applications. They just appear in the panel.
The menu you are talking about is a property of the unity desktop. It is known as the 'Unity Global Menu'.
Each application implements it own the main menu, but the desktop environment places them where it sees fit. The Unity desktop environment, developed by Canonical as a replacement of Gnome, chooses to place these menus in the top panel.
If you run the same applications in a xfce environment (for example), then the menu will appear in the window.
This applies to all applications that define their menu using the gtk library. For those that don't, including Firefox and LibreOffice, special patches have been made to make the menus work in the global menu. Otherwise applications that don't will have their menu in the window.
Another exception, that I know of, are Java applications. These always have their menu's in the java window. I think this is because Java bypasses the desktop environment to create java app windows, not defining their menus in gtk.
Find out What's the right terminology for Unity's UI elements?
Complementary to the Global Menu there is the HUD. How do I use the HUD?.
The global menu as described here is an exclusive feature of Unity. The Unity HUD benefits of it: it finds almost every menu entry of all running applications.
